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Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
The source–message–channel–receiver model is a linear transmission model of communication. It is also referred to as the sender–message–channel–receiver model, the SMCR model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of Communication.
A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components. [16] [8] [17] For example, James Watson and Anne Hill see Lasswell's model as a mere questioning device and not as a full model of communication. [10]
Traditional models of consumer behaviour were developed by scholars such as Fishbein and Ajzen [163] and Howard and Sheth [164] in the 1960s and 70s. More recently, Shun and Yunjie have argued that online consumer behaviour is different to offline behaviour and as a consequence requires new theories or models. [165]
The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion [1] is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes. The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in 1980. [ 2 ] The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.
The heuristic-systematic model of information processing (HSM) is a widely recognized [citation needed] model by Shelly Chaiken that attempts to explain how people receive and process persuasive messages. [1] The model states that individuals can process messages in one of two ways: heuristically or systematically. Systematic processing entails ...
Communicative ecology is a conceptual model used in the field of media and communications research.. The model is used to analyse and represent the relationships between social interactions, discourse, and communication media and technology of individuals, collectives and networks in physical and digital environments.
Engagement is a holistic characterization of a consumer's behavior, encompassing a host of sub-aspects of behaviour such as loyalty, satisfaction, involvement, word-of-mouth advertising, complaining and more. Satisfaction: Satisfaction is simply the foundation, and the minimum requirement, for a continuing relationship with customers.