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  2. Impervious surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface

    Impervious surface percentage in various cities. The percentage imperviousness, commonly referred to as PIMP in calculations, is an important factor when considering drainage of water. It is calculated by measuring the percentage of a catchment area which is made up of impervious surfaces such as roads, roofs and other paved surfaces.

  3. Urban runoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoff

    Flooded streets in New Orleans Relationship between impervious surfaces and surface runoff Urban runoff is a major cause of urban flooding , the inundation of land or property in a built-up environment caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems , such as storm sewers . [ 12 ]

  4. Runoff (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)

    Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas (such as roofs and pavement) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes. [5] Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent of soil erosion by water.

  5. Urban flooding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_flooding

    Impervious surfaces prevent rainfall from infiltrating into the ground, thereby causing a higher surface run-off that may by higher than the local drainage capacity. [2] The effects of climate change on the water cycle can also change the severity and frequency of urban flooding.

  6. Rain garden - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_garden

    The street has 11% less impervious surface than a regular street. There are 100 evergreen trees and 1100 shrubs along this 3-block stretch of road, and a 2-year study found that the amount of stormwater which leaves the street has been reduced by 99%. [38] 10,000 Rain Gardens is a public initiative in the Kansas City, Missouri metro area ...

  7. Bioswale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioswale

    A second example of a large scale designed bioswale is at the Carneros Business Park, Sonoma County, California. Starting in 1997 the project design team worked with the California Department of Fish and Game and County of Sonoma to produce a detailed design to channel surface runoff at the perimeter of a large parking area.

  8. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  9. Vadose zone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zone

    Cross section showing the water table varying with surface topography as well as a perched water table The vadose zone , also termed the unsaturated zone , is the part of Earth between the land surface and the top of the phreatic zone , the position at which the groundwater (the water in the soil's pores) is at atmospheric pressure ("vadose" is ...