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Cervicocranial syndrome or (craniocervical junction syndrome, CCJ syndrome) is a combination of symptoms that are caused by an abnormality in the cervical vertebrae leading to improper function of cervical spinal nerves. Cervicocranial syndrome is either congenital [1] or acquired. [2]
Craniocervical instability is more common in people with a connective tissue disease, including Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, [1] osteogenesis imperfecta, and rheumatoid arthritis. [2] It is frequently co-morbid with atlanto-axial joint instability, Chiari malformation , [ 3 ] or tethered spinal cord syndrome .
Craniocervical junction misalignment is also suspected as a factor in neurodegenerative diseases where altered CSF flow plays a part in the pathological process. Hyperextension (Whiplash) Injury A rear-end traffic collision or a poorly performed rugby tackle can both result in the head being whipped back on the shoulders, causing whiplash.
The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) (Latin: angulus cerebellopontinus) is located between the cerebellum and the pons. [1] The cerebellopontine angle is the site of the cerebellopontine angle cistern.
Snorkel breathing is limited to shallow depths just below the surface due to the effort required during inhalation to overcome the hydrostatic pressure on the chest. [17] Hydrostatic pressure on the surface of the body due to head-out immersion in water causes negative pressure breathing which shifts blood into the intrathoracic circulation. [16]
TEM of rat kidney tissue shows a protein dense tight junction (three dark lines) at ~55,000x magnification.. Tight junctions provide endothelial and epithelial cells with barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance.
The first MR images of a human brain were obtained in 1978 by two groups of researchers at EMI Laboratories led by Ian Robert Young and Hugh Clow. [1] In 1986, Charles L. Dumoulin and Howard R. Hart at General Electric developed MR angiography, [2] and Denis Le Bihan obtained the first images and later patented diffusion MRI. [3]
Scuba diver with bifocal lenses fitted to a mask. Underwater vision is the ability to see objects underwater, and this is significantly affected by several factors.. Underwater, objects are less visible because of lower levels of natural illumination caused by rapid attenuation of light with distance passed through