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The zero-order hold (ZOH) is a mathematical model of the practical signal reconstruction done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC). [1] That is, it describes the effect of converting a discrete-time signal to a continuous-time signal by holding each sample value for one sample interval. It has several applications in electrical ...
Transition graph with transition probabilities, exemplary for the states 1, 5, 6 and 8. There is a bidirectional secret passage between states 2 and 8. The image to the right describes a discrete-time Markov chain modeling Pac-Man with state-space {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. The player controls Pac-Man through a maze, eating pac-dots.
In digital signal processing, convolution is used to map the impulse response of a real room on a digital audio signal. In electronic music convolution is the imposition of a spectral or rhythmic structure on a sound. Often this envelope or structure is taken from another sound. The convolution of two signals is the filtering of one through the ...
A signal of continuous amplitude and time is known as a continuous-time signal or an analog signal. This (a signal ) will have some value at every instant of time. The electrical signals derived in proportion with the physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, sound etc. are generally continuous signals.
A Markov chain is a type of Markov process that has either a discrete state space or a discrete index set (often representing time), but the precise definition of a Markov chain varies. [6] For example, it is common to define a Markov chain as a Markov process in either discrete or continuous time with a countable state space (thus regardless ...
In mathematics, the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals) is the product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain ) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g., frequency domain ).
Block diagram illustrating the superposition principle and time invariance for a deterministic continuous-time single-input single-output system. The system satisfies the superposition principle and is time-invariant if and only if y 3 (t) = a 1 y 1 (t – t 0) + a 2 y 2 (t – t 0) for all time t, for all real constants a 1, a 2, t 0 and for all inputs x 1 (t), x 2 (t). [1]
In mathematics, the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) is a form of Fourier analysis that is applicable to a sequence of discrete values.. The DTFT is often used to analyze samples of a continuous function.