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UKC = Charted Depth − Draft-/+ Height of Tide. Ship masters and deck officers can obtain the depth of water from Electronic navigational charts. [5] More dynamic or advanced calculations include safety margins for manoeuvring effects and squat. [7] Computer systems and software can be used to manage and calculate UKC for ships and ports.
The first recorded evidence of water depth measurements are from Ancient Egypt over 3000 years ago. [3] Bathymetry has various uses including the production of bathymetric charts to guide vessels and identify underwater hazards, the study of marine life near the floor of water bodies , coastline analysis and ocean dynamics , including ...
Human physiology of underwater diving is the physiological influences of the underwater environment on the human diver, and adaptations to operating underwater, both during breath-hold dives and while breathing at ambient pressure from a suitable breathing gas supply.
Bathymetric charts showcase depth using a series of lines and points at equal intervals, called depth contours or isobaths (a type of contour line). A closed shape with increasingly smaller shapes inside of it can indicate an ocean trench or a seamount, or underwater mountain, depending on whether the depths increase or decrease going inward.
Underwater diving is practiced as part of an occupation, or for recreation, where the practitioner submerges below the surface of the water or other liquid for a period which may range between seconds to the order of a day at a time, either exposed to the ambient pressure or isolated by a pressure resistant suit, to interact with the underwater ...
Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system.Biological oceanography may also be referred to as ocean ecology, in which the root word of ecology is Oikos (oικoσ), meaning ‘house’ or ‘habitat’ in Greek.
Moulded depth (D) is the vertical distance measured from the top of the keel to the underside of the upper deck at side. [4] Form derivatives that are calculated from the shape and the block measures. They are: Displacement (Δ) is the weight of water equivalent to the immersed volume of the hull.
A wet dock or impounded dock is a variant in which the water is impounded either by dock gates or by a lock, thus allowing ships to remain afloat at low tide in places with high tidal ranges. The level of water in the dock is maintained despite the rising and falling of the tide. This makes transfer of cargo easier. It works like a lock which ...