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Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [1] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
Estradiol (E2) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [11] [12] [13] It is an estrogen and is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy and to treat low sex hormone levels in women.
A dosage of two to six 100 μg/day transdermal estradiol patches can achieve mean levels of estradiol in the area of 200 to 400 pg/mL and can be used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy, for instance to suppress testosterone levels in the treatment of prostate cancer in men and in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.
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In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeping disturbances, decreased bone health, [3] and changes in the genitourinary system. Hypoestrogenism is most commonly found in women who are postmenopausal , have primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), or are presenting with amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods ).
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Estrogen can also reduce vaginal atrophy and increase sexual arousal, frequency and orgasm. [22] The effectiveness of hormone replacement can decline in some women after long-term use. [22] A number of studies have also found that the combined effects of estrogen/androgen replacement therapy can increase libido and arousal over estrogen alone. [22]