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The roles of Indonesian women today are being affected by many factors, including increased modernization, globalization, improved education and advances in technology (in particular communications technology). Many women in Indonesia choose to reside in cities instead of staying in townships to perform agricultural work because of personal ...
Many bissu are now engaging in occupations which are associated more closely with waria roles, such as in bridal makeup. [8] Even in Bugis society, the role of the bissu have recently been conflated with those of the calalai and calabai. Due to the decline in bissu, some rituals have begun to substitute calalai and calabai in their place. [12]
Gender and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Frank Cass Publishers and Routledge. ISBN 9780714680873. Gal, Susan; Kligman, Gail (2000). The Politics of Gender after Socialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691048949. Salecl, Renata (1994). The Spoils of Freedom: Psychoanalysis and Feminism After the Fall of ...
Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures are subcultures and communities composed of people who have shared experiences, backgrounds, or interests due to common sexual or gender identities. Among the first to argue that members of sexual minorities can also constitute cultural minorities were Adolf Brand , Magnus Hirschfeld , and Leontine ...
Gender role is not the same thing as gender identity, which refers to the internal sense of one's own gender, whether or not it aligns with categories offered by societal norms. The point at which these internalized gender identities become externalized into a set of expectations is the genesis of a gender role.
Xenogender [22] [50] can be defined as a gender identity that references "ideas and identities outside of gender". [ 27 ] : 102 This may include descriptions of gender identity in terms of "their first name or as a real or imaginary animal" or "texture, size, shape, light, sound, or other sensory characteristics".
According to the Council of Europe definition: "Gender mainstreaming is the (re)organization, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a gender equality perspective is incorporated in all policies at all levels and at all stages, by the actors normally involved in policy-making."
Scholarship on nationalism and gender explores the processes by which gender affects and is impacted by the development of nationalism.Sometimes referred to as "gendered nationalism," gender and nationalism describes the phenomena whereby conceptions of the state or nation, including notions of citizenship, sovereignty, or national identity contribute to or arise in relation to gender roles.