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Foraminal stenosis is narrowing that happens in certain places around the nerves that come out of your spinal cord. It’s a type of spinal stenosis that affects the neural foramen, a series of openings on both sides of your spine.
Bilateral foraminal stenosis is usually caused by a degenerative condition of the spine. When the bones of the spinal column wear down through normal wear and tear, they cause spinal pressure on the foraminal canals and limit the space in the spinal canal through which the nerve roots travel.
What Causes Neural Foraminal Stenosis? Most causes of neural foraminal stenosis are degenerative, which means they happen over time as you age. It can also be caused by injuries.
Cauda equina syndrome may occur at L5-S1 due to an injury to the cauda equina nerves that descend from the spinal cord. This syndrome is a medical emergency and typically causes severe pain, weakness, numbness, and/or tingling in the groin, genital region, and/or both legs.
Foraminal narrowing may be described as “severe” if it leads to painful nerve compression that requires treatment. Severe foraminal stenosis can cause a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including localized and radiating pain, tingling sensations, numbness and muscle weakness in an arm or leg.
Recent studies evaluating the efficacy of existing diagnostic imaging modalities were summarized, along with potential future methods to improve sensitivity for detecting this entity and measuring foraminal stenosis via novel imaging techniques.
Foraminal narrowing is considered a problem when the restricted spaces lead to compression of nerves bringing about symptoms like numbness, weakness, tingling, or pain. While foraminal narrowing can occur at any level of the spine, the most commonly affected areas are the lumbar and cervical regions.
Minimally invasive surgical procedures to treat foraminal stenosis not only eliminate these requirements but because the incisions are smaller, the risk of complications and infection is also reduced.
Lee et al. graded foraminal stenosis on the basis of perineural fat obliteration and nerve root morphology on sagittal MRI. Grade 1 denotes a mild degree of foraminal stenosis, showing perineural fat obliteration surrounding the nerve root in a transverse or vertical direction.
LFS pathology can develop as a result of progressing spinal degeneration and is characterized by exacerbation with foraminal narrowing caused by lumbar extension (Kemp's sign). However, there is a lack of critical clinical findings for LFS pathology.