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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 5.1 Explain the ideas of the Enlightenment, 5.1 How were these ideas considered changes from previous philosophies/mindsets?, 5.1 What factors facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals within and outside of Europe? and more.
Tens of millions of Chinese died as the Qing and Taiping fought brutally for control of the empire. The Taiping fought so capably that, in order to defeat them, the Qing had to invite the provincial leaders within China to bring their own armies into war, independent from the Qing army.
Those who opposed Chinese modernization included government officials with traditional Confucian beliefs, fearing science and technology as threats to their power, and the general populace, wary of foreign investments and influence.
What obstacles did they face? Leaders of the Muslim community, Sultan Abdulhamid pushed back against these changes, pushing out reformers known as the Young Turks, and fearing a rebellion, he killed between
It then explores five periods of China’s encounter with modernity: imperial decline and resistance to modernization; civil war and Japanese invasion; Mao’s radical communist project; Deng’s market socialism; and Xi’s attempt to synthesize Confucius, Mao, and Deng.
Fukuyama’s Reactionary Thermador model provides a good lens to analyze Chinese economic reform, or lack thereof, in the late Qing dynasty. Fukuyama posits that the rise and fall of political institutions follows a predictable pattern that is inherent to politics and power.
The Qing Monarchy. China’s first attempt at industrialization started in 1861 under the Qing monarchy. Wen wrote that China “embarked on a series of ambitious programs to modernize its backward agrarian economy, including establishing a modern navy and industrial system.”.
After the late years of the Qing Dynasty, China underwent “a great change unprecedented in three thousand years”, and its modernization process started with difficulty under the military, economic, political, and cultural pressures of the Western powers.
These conservative opponents faced significant obstacles, including the growing influence of Western powers in China, which exposed the weaknesses of the Qing government.
Between 1860 and 1919, China’s modernization went through three stages. The first stage was the Foreign Affairs movement. The Foreign Affairs Movement was not without its successes, one mark of which is that, on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China had the largest fleet in Asia, the Beiyang Fleet.