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2. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus

   Problems 1–6 compute divisions of a certain number of loaves of bread by 10 men and record the outcome in unit fractions. Problems 7–20 show how to multiply the expressions 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 7/4, and 1 + 2/3 + 1/3 = 2 by different fractions. Problems 21–23 are problems in completion, which in modern notation are simply subtraction problems.

3. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2/n table - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus...

   The table consisted of 26 unit fraction series of the form 1/n written as sums of other rational numbers. [9] The Akhmim wooden tablet wrote difficult fractions of the form 1/n (specifically, 1/3, 1/7, 1/10, 1/11 and 1/13) in terms of Eye of Horus fractions which were fractions of the form ⁠ 1 / 2 k ⁠ and remainders expressed in terms of a ...

4. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg system. The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Ukrainian engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being in a Nazi concentration ...

5. Ancient Egyptian mathematics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics

   An interesting feature of ancient Egyptian mathematics is the use of unit fractions. [7] The Egyptians used some special notation for fractions such as ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠, ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ and ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠ and in some texts for ⁠ 3 / 4 ⁠, but other fractions were all written as unit fractions of the form ⁠ 1 / n ⁠ or sums of such unit ...

6. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

   Location arithmetic. v. t. e. Napier's bones is a manually operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617. [1]

7. Multiplication table - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_table

   Multiplication table. In mathematics, a multiplication table (sometimes, less formally, a times table) is a mathematical table used to define a multiplication operation for an algebraic system. The decimal multiplication table was traditionally taught as an essential part of elementary arithmetic around the world, as it lays the foundation for ...

8. Cross-multiplication - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication

   Cross-multiplication. In mathematics, specifically in elementary arithmetic and elementary algebra, given an equation between two fractions or rational expressions, one can cross-multiply to simplify the equation or determine the value of a variable. The method is also occasionally known as the "cross your heart" method because lines resembling ...

9. History of mathematical notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical...

   The history of mathematical notation[1] includes the commencement, progress, and cultural diffusion of mathematical symbols and the conflict of the methods of notation confronted in a notation's move to popularity or inconspicuousness. Mathematical notation [2] comprises the symbols used to write mathematical equations and formulas.