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Saqaliba (Arabic: صقالبة, romanized: ṣaqāliba, singular Arabic: صقلبي, romanized: ṣaqlabī) [nb 1] is a term used in medieval Arabic sources to refer to Slavs, and other peoples of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe.
Saqaliba slavery in al-Andalus was especially prominent in the Caliphate of Córdoba, where white female slaves constituted a big part of the slave concubines of the royal harem, and white male slaves constituted most of the administrative personnel in the courts and palaces.
Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣiqlabī (Arabic: واضح الصقلبي; died November 1011) was a Saqaliba general of the late Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.He served as governor of the Middle March and as the ḥājib, effectively prime minister, of the caliphs Muḥammad II (1010) and Hishām II (1010–1011).
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He was a Saqaliba, usually Slavic children that were captured, castrated, sold as slaves in Spain, and educated in the Islamic culture and religion. It is possible that Labib left Cordoba after Hisham II was deposed in AH 400 (1009/1010).
The Arabic Caliphate of Córdoba referred to the forests of Central and Eastern Europe, which came to function as a slave source supply, as the Bilad as-Saqaliba ("land of the slaves"). [23] The Prague slave market was a part of a big net of slave trade in European saqaliba slaves to the Muslim world. Ibn Hawqal wrote in the 10th century:
The Balkan slave trade was one of the main routes of European Saqaliba-slaves to the Islamic Middle East, alongside the Prague slave trade in the west, and the Black Sea slave trade, the Khazar slave trade and the Bukhara slave trade in the east.
The Saqaliba were also imported as eunuchs and concubines to Muslim states. [13] The slavery of eunuchs in the Muslim world however was expensive and they thus were given as gifts by rulers. The Saqaliba eunuchs were prominent at the court of Aghlabids and later Fatimids who imported them from Spain.