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  2. Energy flow (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)

    Energy in a system can be affected by animal emigration/immigration. The movements of organisms are significant in terrestrial ecosystems. [17] Energetic consumption by herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems has a low range of ~3-7%. [17] The flow of energy is similar in many terrestrial environments.

  3. Biogeochemical cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle

    Generalized biogeochemical cycle [2] Simplified version of the nitrogen cycle. Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between trophic levels. However, the matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled.

  4. Marine biogeochemical cycles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles

    The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the ...

  5. Ecological efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_efficiency

    The energy remaining after respiration is considered the net primary production. In general, gross production refers to the energy contained within an organism before respiration and net production the energy after respiration. The terms can be used to describe energy transfer in both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

  6. Biological thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_thermodynamics

    Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy.

  7. Carbon cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

    Viruses act as "regulators" of the fast carbon cycle because they impact the material cycles and energy flows of food webs and the microbial loop. The average contribution of viruses to the Earth ecosystem carbon cycle is 8.6%, of which its contribution to marine ecosystems (1.4%) is less than its contribution to terrestrial (6.7%) and ...

  8. Ecological pyramid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid

    An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, Eltonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem. A pyramid of energy shows how much energy is retained in the form of new biomass from each trophic level, while a pyramid ...

  9. Ecosystem respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration

    Ecosystem respiration is the production portion of carbon dioxide in an ecosystem's carbon flux, while photosynthesis typically accounts for the majority of the ecosystem's carbon consumption. [3] Carbon is cycled throughout the ecosystem as various factors continue to uptake or release the carbon in different circumstances.