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Alta California ('Upper California'), also known as Nueva California ('New California') among other names, [a] was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula , it had previously comprised the province of Las Californias , but was made a separate province in 1804 (named Nueva California ). [ 1 ]
The Spanish Empire established its rule in the Californias in 1769. During this time, the Californias encompassed a massive territorial expanse, including both Alta California (present day U.S. state of California) and Baja California (present day Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur), which were governed under a military administration led by the Governor of the Californias.
By then, the Spanish Empire was engaged in the political aftermath of the Seven Years' War, and colonial priorities in far away California afforded only a minimal effort. Alta California was to be settled by Franciscan Friars, protected by troops in the California missions.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 February 2025. 18th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts in California For the establishments in modern-day Mexico, see Spanish missions in Baja California. The locations of the 21 Franciscan missions in Alta California. Part of a series on Spanish missions in the Americas of the Catholic Church ...
That route was integral to the settlement of Alta California by the Spanish Empire, and made it possible for the Franciscan friars to establish a string of twenty-one missions, which served as the nuclei of permanent settlements, established a cattle ranching economy and converted thousands of Native Americans to Christianity. [25]
His grandfather was Corporal Jose Valerio Mesa who accompanied Juan Bautista de Anza on the Anza Expedition to Alta California. [1] His father was Jose Antonio Mesa [1] who was awarded Rancho Los Medanos in 1839. [3] He married Mycaela Higuera and had a daughter, Encarnacion who inherited about 900 acres of her father's land grant. [1]
The first attempted Spanish occupation of California was by the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino, in 1683.His Misión San Bruno failed, however, and it was not until 1697 that Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was successfully established by another Jesuit, Juan María de Salvatierra.
The Conquest of California, also known as the Conquest of Alta California or the California Campaign, was a military campaign during the Mexican–American War carried out by the United States in Alta California (modern-day California), then part of Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1847, and ending with signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by military leaders from both the Californios and Americans.