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Data normalization (or feature scaling) includes methods that rescale input data so that the features have the same range, mean, variance, or other statistical properties. For instance, a popular choice of feature scaling method is min-max normalization , where each feature is transformed to have the same range (typically [ 0 , 1 ...
In information theory, linguistics, and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other.
This method is widely used for normalization in many machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks). [4] [5] The general method of calculation is to determine the distribution mean and standard deviation for each feature. Next we subtract the mean from each feature.
The Wagner–Fischer algorithm computes edit distance based on the observation that if we reserve a matrix to hold the edit distances between all prefixes of the first string and all prefixes of the second, then we can compute the values in the matrix by flood filling the matrix, and thus find the distance between the two full strings as the last value computed.
In probability and statistics, the Dirichlet distribution (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet), often denoted (), is a family of continuous multivariate probability distributions parameterized by a vector of positive reals.
Cosine similarity can be seen as a method of normalizing document length during comparison. In the case of information retrieval, the cosine similarity of two documents will range from , since the term frequencies cannot be negative. This remains true when using TF-IDF weights. The angle between two term frequency vectors cannot be greater than ...
In the field of statistical learning theory, matrix regularization generalizes notions of vector regularization to cases where the object to be learned is a matrix. The purpose of regularization is to enforce conditions, for example sparsity or smoothness, that can produce stable predictive functions.
This can make the calculations for the softmax layer (i.e. the matrix multiplications to determine the , followed by the application of the softmax function itself) computationally expensive. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] What's more, the gradient descent backpropagation method for training such a neural network involves calculating the softmax for every ...