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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.
Consequently, (a mod m) denotes generally the unique integer k such that 0 ≤ k < m and k ≡ a (mod m); it is called the residue of a modulo m. In particular, (a mod m) = (b mod m) is equivalent to a ≡ b (mod m), and this explains why "=" is often used instead of "≡" in this context.
Thus an equivalence relation over , a partition of , and a projection whose domain is , are three equivalent ways of specifying the same thing. The intersection of any collection of equivalence relations over X (binary relations viewed as a subset of X × X {\displaystyle X\times X} ) is also an equivalence relation.
Stock market equivalence is granted by the European Union to those countries whose stock markets are deemed to be 'equivalent' to those of the EU countries. On 3 January 2018, the EU implemented the "Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II" (colloquially known as "MiFID II") which required all European investment firms & traders to trade the shares of a company listed in the EU on a ...
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If q ≡ 1 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p) if and only if there exists some integer b such that p ≡ b 2 (mod q). If q ≡ 3 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p) if and only if there exists some integer b which is odd and not divisible by q such that p ≡ ±b 2 (mod 4q). This is equivalent to quadratic reciprocity.
For instance, 2 is a non-square mod 3, so Mordell's result allows the existence of an identity for congruent to 2 mod 3. However, 1 is a square mod 3 (equal to the square of both 1 and 2 mod 3), so there can be no similar identity for all values of n {\displaystyle n} that are congruent to 1 mod 3.