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The Elopidae are a family of ray-finned fish containing a single living genus Elops.They are commonly known as ladyfish, skipjacks, jack-rashes, or tenpounders.. The ladyfish are a coastal-dwelling fish found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, occasionally venturing into temperate waters. [3]
Pacific ladyfish are pelagic, marine forms preferring either brackish or fresh water unless they are breeding. They prefer specific water depths of no more than 8 m (26 ft). Little is known about the ecology of this species, but they are known to be highly carnivorous, feeding on smaller fish and crustaceans. [ 2 ]
It is often confused with the West African ladyfish, Elops lacerta, and can be distinguished only by the number of gill rakers on the lower part of the first gill arch, and the number of scales on the lateral line. [1] The Senegalese ladyfish grows to a maximum total length of 90 cm and a maximum weight of 5.9 kg. [1]
Like other members of Elopidae, E. smithi is a pelagic fish that spawns in the sea, but little is known about this marine phase. The larvae, which are transparent and laterally compressed, are dispersed inshore and enter embayments, where they reside for two to three years before moving offshore.
The West African ladyfish (Elops lacerate) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Elopidae. It is native to the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Senegal to Angola. It is also known as the Guinean ladyfish. Some have been known to grow to 20 lb (9.1 kg). [3]
The Hawaiian ladyfish (Elops hawaiensis), also known as the Hawaiian tenpounder or banana fish, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Elopidae. It is sometimes referred to as the giant herring, though it is not closely related to the true herrings of the family Clupeidae. Its Hawaiian name is awa 'aua.
There is a bait fish industry in North America, supplying mainly recreational fishermen, worth up to one billion dollars each year. [1] For the southern United States alone Mittelmark et al. 1993 reports this was $56 million in 1987. [2]
The first principle of population dynamics is widely regarded as the exponential law of Malthus, as modelled by the Malthusian growth model.The early period was dominated by demographic studies such as the work of Benjamin Gompertz and Pierre François Verhulst in the early 19th century, who refined and adjusted the Malthusian demographic model.