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The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
(Note that the value of the expression is independent of the value of n, which is why it does not appear in the integral.) ∫ x x ⋅ ⋅ x ⏟ m d x = ∑ n = 0 m ( − 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) n − 1 n !
If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
The x antiderivative of y and the second antiderivative of f, Euler notation. D-notation can be used for antiderivatives in the same way that Lagrange's notation is [ 11 ] as follows [ 10 ] D − 1 f ( x ) {\displaystyle D^{-1}f(x)} for a first antiderivative,
Integrands of the form x m (a + b x n + c x 2n) p when b 2 − 4 a c = 0 [ edit ] The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
The antiderivative of − 1 / x 2 can be found with the power rule and is 1 / x . Alternatively, one may choose u and v such that the product u′ (∫v dx) simplifies due to cancellation. For example, suppose one wishes to integrate: