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2. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

   Gemstones of the World revised 5th edition, 2013 by Walter Schumann ISBN 978-1454909538 Smithsonian Handbook: Gemstones by Cally Hall, 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 978-0789489852 v

3. Synthetic diamond - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamond

   Around 2016, the price of synthetic diamond gemstones (e.g., 1 carat stones) began dropping "precipitously" by roughly 30% in one year, becoming clearly lower than that of mined diamonds. [124] As of 2017, synthetic diamonds sold as jewelry were typically selling for 15–20% less than natural equivalents; the relative price was expected to ...

4. Gemological Institute of America - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of...

   The Gemological Institute of America ( GIA) is a nonprofit institute based in Carlsbad, California. It is dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology and the jewelry arts. [ 1] Founded in 1931, GIA's mission is to protect buyers and sellers of gemstones by setting and maintaining the standards used to evaluate gemstone quality.

5. Diamond (gemstone) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)

   Diamond[ a] is a gemstone formed by cutting a raw diamond. Diamonds are one of the best-known and most sought-after gems, and they have been used as decorative items since ancient times. The hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light —giving the diamond its characteristic "fire"—make it useful for industrial applications and ...

6. Opal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal

   Jewelry applications of precious opal can be somewhat limited by opal's sensitivity to heat due primarily to its relatively high water content and predisposition to scratching. [11] Combined with modern techniques of polishing, a doublet opal can produce a similar effect to Natural black or boulder opal at a fraction of the price.

7. Turquoise - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise

   Calibrated stones—that is, stones adhering to standard jewellery setting measurements—may also be more sought after. Like coral and other opaque gems, turquoise is commonly sold at a price according to its physical size in millimetres rather than weight. Turquoise is treated in many different ways, some more permanent and radical than others.