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Philosophical theology is both a branch and form of theology in which philosophical methods are used in developing or analyzing theological concepts. It therefore includes natural theology as well as philosophical treatments of orthodox and heterodox theology. Philosophical theology is also closely related to the philosophy of religion.
For example, empirical studies concentrating on the philosophical concept of spirituality at or near the end of life, conducted in India, found that individuals who follow Indian philosophical concepts are influenced by these concepts in their 'perception of spirituality'. [38]
Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice. [1] It concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and of the New Testament , as well as on Christian tradition .
Spiritual theology—studying theology as a means to orthopraxy; scripture and tradition are both used as guides for spiritual growth and discipline. Systematic theology (doctrinal theology, dogmatic theology or philosophical theology)—focused on the attempt to arrange and interpret the ideas current in the religion. This is also associated ...
Also called humanocentrism. The practice, conscious or otherwise, of regarding the existence and concerns of human beings as the central fact of the universe. This is similar, but not identical, to the practice of relating all that happens in the universe to the human experience. To clarify, the first position concludes that the fact of human existence is the point of universal existence; the ...
Philosopher William L. Rowe characterized the philosophy of religion as: "the critical examination of basic religious beliefs and concepts." [ 4 ] Philosophy of religion covers alternative beliefs about God, gods, demons, spirits [ 5 ] or all, the varieties of religious experience , the interplay between science and religion, the nature and ...
Plato. Classical theism has its origins in ancient Greek philosophy, particularly in the works of Plato and Aristotle.Plato's concept of the Form of the Good in works like The Republic and Timaeus provided an early model of a transcendent, perfect reality that stands as the ultimate cause and source of all other forms.
According to Reformed epistemology, belief in God can be rational and justified even without arguments or evidence for the existence of God. More specifically, Plantinga argues that belief in God is properly basic, and due to a religious externalist epistemology, he claims belief in God could be justified independently of evidence.