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Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. [1]: 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering.The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history.
In physics and chemistry, a non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress.In particular, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids can change when subjected to force.
The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (/ m ɑː k /; German:) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.
In fluid mechanics, external flow is a flow that boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces. [1] [2] It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases.It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion).
Osborne Reynolds FRS (23 August 1842 – 21 February 1912) was an Irish-born [1] [2] [3] British [4] innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics.Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design.