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Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
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XthA (exonuclease III, a DNA repair enzyme) and KatE (catalase) are known to play important roles in the defense against oxidative stress but KatF regulon genes are not induced by oxidative stress. [2] There is an overlap between oxidative stress response and other regulatory networks like heat shock response, SOS response.
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Oxidative free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical and the superoxide radical, can cause DNA damages, and such damages have been proposed to play a key role in the aging of crucial tissues. [20] DNA damage can result in reduced gene expression , cell death and ultimately tissue dysfunction.
Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins. The driving force behind this process is a redox reaction , in which electrons pass between several proteins and finally to a terminal electron acceptor .
The mechanism of ·OH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used. For example, ozonation, UV/H 2 O 2, photocatalytic oxidation and Fenton's oxidation rely on different mechanisms of ·OH generation: UV/H 2 O 2: [6] [12] [13] H 2 O 2 + UV → 2·OH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H 2 O 2 leads to ...