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For example, under US GAAP (US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) a gain or loss is “realized” when the market value of an investment is designated to be held for trading, and such investment value increases or decreases: in this case the gain or the loss in question is reported in an income statement account.
IAS 1 sets out the purpose of financial statements as the provision of useful information on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity, and categorizes the information provided into assets, liabilities, income and expenses, contributions by and distribution to owners, and cash flows.
A chart of accounts (COA) is a list of financial accounts and reference numbers, grouped into categories, such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses, and used for recording transactions in the organization's general ledger.
Holding gains are most frequently used in inflation accounting and income measurement. For instance holding gains or losses can result from depreciation, stock, gearing adjustments or monetary working capital adjustments. Holding gains can be realized (e.g., sold goods) or unrealized (e.g. stock). [2]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to accounting: . Accounting – measurement, statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers to make resource allocation decisions within companies, organizations, and public agencies.
An accounting information system (AIS) is a system of collecting, storing and processing financial and accounting data that are used by decision makers.An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources.
Resources, events, agents (REA) is a model of how an accounting system can be re-engineered for the computer age.REA was originally proposed in 1982 by William E. McCarthy as a generalized accounting model, [1] and contained the concepts of resources, events and agents (McCarthy 1982).
Gains and losses on derivatives held as cash flow hedges (only for effective portions) [IAS 39/ "FAS 133" – "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities"] Gains and losses resulting from translating the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries (from foreign currency to the presentation currency) [IAS 21/ "FAS 52 ...