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In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression (linguistics) that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. [1] They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting the variables of a proposition).
The general substitution test replaces the test string with some other word or phrase. [20] It is similar to proform substitution, the only difference being that the replacement word or phrase is not a proform, e.g. Drunks could put off the customers. (a) Beggars could put off the customers. (Beggars ↔ Drunks) (b) Drunks could put off our guests.
Constituency tests (e.g. topicalization, clefting, pseudoclefting, pro-form substitution, answer ellipsis, passivization, omission, coordination, etc.) identify the constituents, large and small, of English sentences. Two illustrations of the manner in which constituency tests deliver clues about constituent structure and thus about the correct ...
Lexical substitution is the task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause. For instance, given the following text: "After the match , replace any remaining fluid deficit to prevent chronic dehydration throughout the tournament", a substitute of game might be given.
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion: based on structural content
A substitution table is used while teaching structures of English. [1] [2] Substitution tables were invented by Harold E. Palmer, [3] who defines substitution as "the process by which any authentic sentence may be multiplied indefinitely by substituting for any of its words or word-groups others of the same grammatical family and within certain semantic limits".
Examples [3 & 4] show pronouns but not pro-forms. In [3], the interrogative pronoun who does not stand in for anything. Similarly, in [4], it is a dummy pronoun, one that does not stand in for anything. No other word can function there with the same meaning; we do not say "the sky is raining" or "the weather is raining".
In grammar, an antecedent is one or more words that establish the meaning of a pronoun or other pro-form. [1] For example, in the sentence "John arrived late because traffic held him up," the word "John" is the antecedent of the pronoun "him." Pro-forms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes precede them.