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Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. The complete list of Schedule II substances is as follows. The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number and Federal Register citation for each substance is included.
This is the list of Schedule IV controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act. [1] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [2] The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.
Morpheridine (Morpholinoethylnorpethidine) [2] is a 4-phenyl piperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). It is a strong analgesic with around 4 times the potency of pethidine, [3] and unlike pethidine, does not cause convulsions, although it produces the standard opioid side effects such as sedation and respiratory depression.
Pethidinic acid (meperidinic acid, pethidine intermediate C) is a 4-phenyl piperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine). [2] [3] It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9234.
Norpethidine (normeperidine, pethidine intermediate B) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a precursor to, and the toxic metabolite of, pethidine (meperidine). It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9233.
Pethidine is the preferred drug for the management of shivering during therapeutic hypothermia, as it provides the greatest reduction in the shivering threshold. [ 20 ] Before 2003, it was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.
Pethidine intermediate A is a four-phenyl piperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with a 4-cyano group in place of the carboxylate ethyl ester have been found to be active, [2] so pethidine intermediate A might also show opioid effects.
In 2008 tapentadol received approval by the US Food and Drug Administration; in 2009 it was classified by US Drug Enforcement Agency as a Schedule II drug, and entered the US market. [57] Tapentadol was reported to be the "first new molecular entity of oral centrally acting analgesics" class approved in the United States in more than 25 years. [58]