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Sal forest covers about 45% of their forested areas. Orissa has the largest sal forest, covering 38,300 km 2 (14,800 sq mi) followed by Madhya Pradesh with 27,800 km 2 (10,700 sq mi) and Chhattisgarh with 24,245 km 2 (9,361 sq mi). Across these three states some 20-30 million forest dwellers depend on collection of sal seeds, leaves and resins. [9]
Sal tree resin is known as sal dammar or Indian dammar, [23] ṛla in Sanskrit. It is used as an astringent in Ayurvedic medicine, [24] burned as incense in Hindu ceremonies, and used to caulk boats and ships. [23] Sal seeds and fruit are a source of lamp oil and vegetable fat. The seed oil is extracted from the seeds and used as cooking oil ...
Forest produce is defined under section 2(4) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927. [1] Its legal definition includes timber, charcoal, caoutchouc, catechu, wood-oil, resin, natural varnish, bark, lac, myrobalans, mahua flowers (whether found inside or brought from a forest or not), trees and leaves, flowers and fruit, plants (including grass, creepers, reeds and moss), wild animals, skins, tusks ...
The plant also uses pollinator such as bees and is frequently grazed by cattle which aids with seed dispersal. The plant spreads its seed through the small hairs on the seedpods that readily cling to human skin and clothing as well as other animals’ fur and feathers. This ensures that the seed gets maximum dispersal.
Madhuca longifolia is an Indian tropical tree found largely in the central, southern, north Indian plains and forests, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is commonly known as madhūka, mahura, madkam, mahuwa, Butter Tree, mahura, mahwa, mohulo, Iluppai, Mee or Ippa-chettu. [1]
The fruit is a large reddish-black drupe and is an important food source for wildlife and historically for humans. The plant is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species such as Batrachedra decoctor, which feeds on the plant, including the interior of the inflorescence.
The seed is poisonous. The potent poison in the seeds is removed by soaking them in water. Water from the first seed-soaking will kill birds, goats, sheep and hogs. Water from the following soakings is said to be harmless. [Minimum of 5 Soakings needed to ensure the safety] [5] After the final soaking, the seeds are dried and ground into flour.
Onobrychis, the sainfoins, are a genus of Eurasian perennial herbaceous plants of the legume family ().About 206 species are presently accepted. [1] The Flora Europaea lists 23 species of Onobrychis; the main centre of diversity extends from Central Asia to Iran, with 56 species – 27 of which are endemic – in the latter country alone. [2]