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Because Base64 is a six-bit encoding, and because the decoded values are divided into 8-bit octets, every four characters of Base64-encoded text (4 sextets = 4 × 6 = 24 bits) represents three octets of unencoded text or data (3 octets = 3 × 8 = 24 bits). This means that when the length of the unencoded input is not a multiple of three, the ...
The ASCII text-encoding standard uses 7 bits to encode characters. With this it is possible to encode 128 (i.e. 2 7) unique values (0–127) to represent the alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters commonly used in English, plus a selection of Control characters which do not represent printable characters.
The resulting string is encoded using a variant of Base64 (+/ and with padding). The authorization method and a space character (e.g. "Basic ") is then prepended to the encoded string. For example, if the browser uses Aladdin as the username and open sesame as the password, then the field's value is the Base64 encoding of Aladdin:open sesame ...
Many field values may contain a quality (q) key-value pair separated by equals sign, specifying a weight to use in content negotiation. [9] For example, a browser may indicate that it accepts information in German or English, with German as preferred by setting the q value for de higher than that of en, as follows: Accept-Language: de; q=1.0 ...
Variable encoding length signed 32-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded value (n << 1) XOR (n >> 31) Variable encoding length signed 64-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded (n << 1) XOR (n >> 63) Constant encoding length 32-bit: 32 bits in little-endian 2's complement; Constant encoding length 64-bit: 64 bits in little-endian 2's complement
One brief comment in the text mentions, but does not mandate, the possibility of simply using the ASCII encoded value of a character string: "Finally, the key argument is a secret encryption key, which can be a user-chosen password of up to 56 bytes (including a terminating zero byte when the key is an ASCII string)." [1]
The PKCS #8 private key may be encrypted with a passphrase using one of the PKCS #5 standards defined in RFC 2898, [2] which supports multiple encryption schemes. A new version 2 was proposed by S. Turner in 2010 as RFC 5958 [ 3 ] and might obsolete RFC 5208 someday in the future.
In the table below, the column "ISO 8859-1" shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some cases the space character is shown as ␠.