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Civic virtue represents an employee's feeling of being part of the organizational whole in the same way a citizen feels a part of his or her country. An employee displaying civic virtue behaviors embraces the responsibilities of being a ‘citizen’ of the organization (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000).
For Sarason, psychological sense of community is "the perception of similarity to others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, and the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure".
In line with these ideas, the OCB dimensions of altruism, courtesy, civic virtue and sportsmanship can be divided by gender role. Altruism and courtesy, previously mentioned as OCBIs, are considered in-role behavior for women, while civic virtue and sportsmanship, previously mentioned as OCBOs, are regarded as more in-role for men.
Civic engagement can take many forms—from individual volunteerism, community engagement efforts, organizational involvement, and electoral participation.These engagements may include directly addressing a problem through personal work, community based, or work through the institutions of representative democracy. [4]
Although cohesion is a multi-faceted process, it can be broken down into four main components: social relations, task relations, perceived unity, and emotions. [2] Members of strongly cohesive groups are more inclined to participate readily and to stay with the group.
The theory holds that there are four key constructs: 1) performance expectancy, 2) effort expectancy, 3) social influence, and 4) facilitating conditions. The UTAUT model was later extended to consumer context with incorporation of three new constructs such as hedonic motivation, price value, and habit to the original UTAUT, the new extended ...
The "pleasure" orientation describes a path to happiness that is associated with adopting hedonistic life goals to satisfy only one's extrinsic needs. Engagement and meaning orientations describe a pursuit of happiness that integrates two positive psychology constructs "flow/engagement" and "eudaimonia/meaning". Both of the latter orientations ...
Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology, which focuses on the individual.Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it, [1] and the relationships of the individual to communities and society.