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In line with these ideas, the OCB dimensions of altruism, courtesy, civic virtue and sportsmanship can be divided by gender role. Altruism and courtesy, previously mentioned as OCBIs, are considered in-role behavior for women, while civic virtue and sportsmanship, previously mentioned as OCBOs, are regarded as more in-role for men.
Civic virtue represents an employee's feeling of being part of the organizational whole in the same way a citizen feels a part of his or her country. An employee displaying civic virtue behaviors embraces the responsibilities of being a ‘citizen’ of the organization (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000).
For Sarason, psychological sense of community is "the perception of similarity to others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, and the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure".
Civic engagement can take many forms—from individual volunteerism, community engagement efforts, organizational involvement, and electoral participation.These engagements may include directly addressing a problem through personal work, community based, or work through the institutions of representative democracy. [4]
Civil discourse is the practice of deliberating about matters of public concern in a way that seeks to expand knowledge and promote understanding. The word "civil" relates directly to civic in the sense of being oriented toward public life, [1] [2] and less directly to civility, in the sense of mere politeness.
Although cohesion is a multi-faceted process, it can be broken down into four main components: social relations, task relations, perceived unity, and emotions. [2] Members of strongly cohesive groups are more inclined to participate readily and to stay with the group.
Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology, which focuses on the individual.Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it, [1] and the relationships of the individual to communities and society.
Civic studies is an interdisciplinary field that empirically investigates civic engagement, civic education, and civil society.It also aims to influence the social sciences and humanities in general to take the perspective of intentional human actors—people who reason and work together to improve their worlds—in addition to institutions and impersonal social forces.