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Duration of the block depends on the volume and concentration of the local anesthetic injected as well as any additives used, such as epinephrine. The TAP block was the original fascial plane block for abdominal surgery. However, there are many alternatives with comparable or better analgesic efficacy [2] [3]
Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) or Bier's block anesthesia is an anesthetic technique on the body's extremities where a local anesthetic is injected intravenously and isolated from circulation in a target area.
A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic. Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7–2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli, and MAC-awake (0.3–0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.
Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, [1] is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long.
This may result in a high block, or, more rarely, a total spinal, where anesthetic is delivered directly to the brainstem, causing unconsciousness and sometimes seizures. [26] Epidural administrations can also cause bleeding issues, including "bloody tap", which occurs in approximately 1 in 30–50 people. [27]
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This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.
Intravenous regional anesthesia. In 1908, Bier pioneered the use of intravenous regional anesthesia, [2] [3] a technique which is commonly referred to as a "Bier block". [4] This technique is frequently used for operations of brief duration upon the hand, wrist, and forearm.