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  2. Lignosulfonates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignosulfonates

    Kraft lignin from black liquor, which is produced in much higher amounts, may be processed into sulfonated lignin. The lignin is first precipitated by acidifying the liquor with CO 2 then washed (other methods for isolation exist). Reaction with sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite and an aldehyde under a basic environment completes sulfonation.

  3. Lignin characterization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_characterization

    The term "lignin characterization" (or "lignin analysis") refers to a group of activities within lignin research aiming at describing the characteristics of a lignin by determination of its most important properties. [1] Most often, this term is used to describe the characterization of technical lignins by means of chemical or thermo-chemical ...

  4. Lignin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin

    Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. [1] Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls , especially in wood and bark , because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily.

  5. Metal roof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_roof

    A metal roof is a roofing system featuring metal pieces or tiles exhibiting corrosion resistance, impermeability to water, and long life. It is a component of the building envelope . The metal pieces may be a covering on a structural, non-waterproof roof, or they could be self-supporting sheets.

  6. Sodium lignosulfonate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lignosulfonate

    It has preservative properties, and is used as an ingredient in animal feeds. It is also used for construction, ceramics, mineral powder, chemical industry, textile industry (leather), metallurgical industry, petroleum industry, fire-retardant materials, rubber vulcanization, organic polymerization. [1] It is a pepsin inhibitor. Vovac, J.A. et ...

  7. Architectural metals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_metals

    Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler Metals used for architectural purposes include lead, for water pipes, roofing, and windows; tin, formed into tinplate; zinc, copper and aluminium, in a range of applications including roofing and decoration; and iron, which has structural and other uses in the form of cast iron or wrought iron, or made into steel.

  8. Characterization (materials science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization...

    Characterization, when used in materials science, refers to the broad and general process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained.

  9. List of commercially available roofing materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercially...

    Roofing material is the outermost layer on the roof of a building, sometimes self-supporting, but generally supported by an underlying structure. A building's roofing material provides shelter from the natural elements. The outer layer of a roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material, and the nature of the supporting ...