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Vectors. Mathematically, a four-dimensional space is a space that needs four parameters to specify a point in it. For example, a general point might have position vector a, equal to. This can be written in terms of the four standard basis vectors (e1, e2, e3, e4), given by. so the general vector a is.
A point in three-dimensional Euclidean space can be located by three coordinates. Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, in Euclid's Elements, it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, but in modern mathematics there are Euclidean spaces of any positive integer ...
Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. In mathematics, the group of rotations about a fixed point in four-dimensional Euclidean space is denoted SO (4). The name comes from the fact that it is the special orthogonal group of order 4. In this article rotation means rotational displacement. For the sake of uniqueness, rotation angles are ...
Interpreting Euclid's axioms in the spirit of this more modern approach, axioms 1–4 are consistent with either infinite or finite space (as in elliptic geometry), and all five axioms are consistent with a variety of topologies (e.g., a plane, a cylinder, or a torus for two-dimensional Euclidean geometry).
Minkowski space. Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909) found that the theory of special relativity could be best understood as a four-dimensional space, since known as the Minkowski spacetime. In physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) (/ mɪŋˈkɔːfski, - ˈkɒf -/ [1]) is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of ...
Real coordinate space. In mathematics, the real coordinate space or real coordinate n-space, of dimension n, denoted Rn or , is the set of all ordered n -tuples of real numbers, that is the set of all sequences of n real numbers, also known as coordinate vectors. Special cases are called the real line R1, the real coordinate plane R2, and the ...
In four-dimensional spacetime, the analog to distance is the interval. Although time comes in as a fourth dimension, it is treated differently than the spatial dimensions. Minkowski space hence differs in important respects from four-dimensional Euclidean space.
Euclidean group. In mathematics, a Euclidean group is the group of (Euclidean) isometries of a Euclidean space ; that is, the transformations of that space that preserve the Euclidean distance between any two points (also called Euclidean transformations). The group depends only on the dimension n of the space, and is commonly denoted E (n) or ...