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Long short-term memory (LSTM) [1] is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem [2] commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models , and other sequence learning methods.
The standard LSTM architecture was introduced in 2000 by Felix Gers, Schmidhuber, and Fred Cummins. [20] Today's "vanilla LSTM" using backpropagation through time was published with his student Alex Graves in 2005, [21] [22] and its connectionist temporal classification (CTC) training algorithm [23] in 2006. CTC was applied to end-to-end speech ...
LSTM works even given long delays between significant events and can handle signals that mix low and high-frequency components. Many applications use stacks of LSTMs, [57] for which it is called "deep LSTM". LSTM can learn to recognize context-sensitive languages unlike previous models based on hidden Markov models (HMM) and similar concepts. [58]
Hochreiter developed the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network architecture in his diploma thesis in 1991 leading to the main publication in 1997. [3] [4] LSTM overcomes the problem of numerical instability in training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that prevents them from learning from long sequences (vanishing or exploding gradient).
Time Aware LSTM (T-LSTM) is a long short-term memory (LSTM) unit capable of handling irregular time intervals in longitudinal patient records. T-LSTM was developed by researchers from Michigan State University, IBM Research, and Cornell University and was first presented in the Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) conference. [1]
Connectionist temporal classification (CTC) is a type of neural network output and associated scoring function, for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) such as LSTM networks to tackle sequence problems where the timing is variable. It can be used for tasks like on-line handwriting recognition [1] or recognizing phonemes in speech audio ...
A key breakthrough was LSTM (1995), [note 1] a RNN which used various innovations to overcome the vanishing gradient problem, allowing efficient learning of long-sequence modelling. One key innovation was the use of an attention mechanism which used neurons that multiply the outputs of other neurons, so-called multiplicative units . [ 13 ]
It was created by researchers at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, [2] and University of Washington and first released in February, 2018. It is a bidirectional LSTM which takes character-level as inputs and produces word-level embeddings, trained on a corpus of about 30 million sentences and 1 billion words.