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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages.
In animals, ecotypes owe their differing characteristics to the effects of a very local environment which has been hypothesized to lead to speciation through the emergence of reproductive barriers. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Therefore, ecotypes have no taxonomic rank .
Controversy exists as to whether Charles Darwin recognized a true geographical-based model of speciation in his publication On the Origin of Species. [5] In chapter 11, "Geographical Distribution", Darwin discusses geographic barriers to migration, stating for example that "barriers of any kind, or obstacles to free migration, are related in a close and important manner to the differences ...
Peripatric speciation is a type of allopatric speciation that occurs when one of the new populations is considerably smaller than the other initial population. This leads to the founder's effect and the population can have different allele frequencies and phenotypes than the original population.
Charles Darwin first discovered that speciation can be extrapolated so that species not only evolve into new species, but also into new genera, families and other groups of animals. In other words, macroevolution is reducible to microevolution through selection of traits over long periods of time. [31]
Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated; Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location; Artificial speciation Animal husbandry – Management of farm animals; Plant breeding – Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
A speciation event produces orthologs in the two daughter species (human and chimpanzee). Bottom: in a separate species ( E. coli ), a gene has a similar function ( histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein ) but has a separate evolutionary origin and so is an analog .
[1] [2] Starting with a single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits. The prototypical example of adaptive radiation is finch speciation on the Galapagos ("Darwin's finches"), but examples are known from around the world.