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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages.
Controversy exists as to whether Charles Darwin recognized a true geographical-based model of speciation in his publication On the Origin of Species. [5] In chapter 11, "Geographical Distribution", Darwin discusses geographic barriers to migration, stating for example that "barriers of any kind, or obstacles to free migration, are related in a close and important manner to the differences ...
Black smokers provide energy and nutrients to chemoautotrophic bacteria, which in turn have symbiotically cospeciated with deep sea clams.. Among animals, symbiotic cospeciation is seen between Uroleucon (aphids) and Buchnera (plants in the Orobanchaceae), [10] between deep sea clams and chemoautotrophic bacteria, [11] and between Dendroctonus bark beetles and certain fungi.
Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated; Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location; Artificial speciation Animal husbandry – Management of farm animals; Plant breeding – Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
Peripatric speciation is a type of allopatric speciation that occurs when one of the new populations is considerably smaller than the other initial population. This leads to the founder's effect and the population can have different allele frequencies and phenotypes than the original population.
Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on Earth.
Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation ) and experience different ...
This pattern has led to the idea that, because selection acts so strongly on mating traits, it may be involved in the process of speciation. [20] This process of speciation influenced by natural selection is reinforcement, and can happen under any mode of speciation [3]: 355 (e.g. geographic modes of speciation or ecological speciation [21]).