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The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. cat file 2 >1 vs cat file 2 > & 1. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named ' 1 ' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout. Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another.
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File pointers stdin, stdout, and stderr are also provided. Ken Thompson (designer and implementer of the original Unix operating system) modified sort in Version 5 Unix to accept "-" as representing standard input, which spread to other utilities and became a part of the operating system as a special file in Version 8.
/A Append the pipeline content to the output file(s) rather than overwriting them. Note: When tee is used with a pipe, the output of the previous command is written to a temporary file. When that command finishes, tee reads the temporary file, displays the output, and writes it to the file(s) given as command-line argument.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [33] Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional ...
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
Under Unix, devices are files too, so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin, stdout and stderr is a tty device file. Another command-line interface allows a shell program to launch helper programs, either to launch documents or start a program.