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The causes of feline hyperesthesia syndrome are highly disputed, largely due to the unknown pathophysiology of the syndrome and the variation in responses to different treatment methods. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] There are three main theories on the cause of the syndrome, as outlined below:
Also known as "true" leukonychia, this is the most common form of leukonychia, in which small white spots appear on the nails. Picking and biting of the nails are a prominent cause in young children and nail biters. Besides parakeratosis, air that is trapped between the cells may also cause this appearance. [5] It is also caused by trauma.
A new nail plate will form once the cause of the disease is removed. Onychomycosis, also known as tinea unguium, is a contagious infection of the nail caused by the same fungal organisms which cause ringworm of the skin (Trichophyton rubrum or T. mentagrophytes, rarely other trichophyton species or Epidermophyton floccosum [1]).
Feline cutaneous asthenia is a rare inheritable skin disease of cats characterised by abnormal elasticity, stretching, and improper healing of the skin. Pendulous wing-like folds of skin form on the cat's back, shoulders and haunches. Even stroking the cat can cause the skin to stretch and tear.
Cats may be poisoned by many chemicals usually considered safe by their human guardians, [citation needed] because their livers are less effective at some forms of detoxification. [31] [32] Some of the most common causes of poisoning in cats are antifreeze and rodent baits. [33] Cats may be particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants. [34]
However, in certain cases, the cause remains unknown. Athletes, especially runners, may be more likely to experience toenail involvement. [10] A portion of patients have onychomadesis recurrently without an obvious cause. [11] One of the most frequent causes of single-digit onychomadesis is local damage to the nail bed. [12]
Recurrence may occur following treatment, with a 20-25% relapse rate within 2 years of successful treatment. [13] Nail fungus can be painful and cause permanent damage to nails. It may lead to other serious infections if the immune system is suppressed due to medication, diabetes or other conditions.
The disease is gradually progressive. Treatment is possible with corticosteroids, but the prognosis is poor. Sensory neuropathies are inherited conditions in dogs and cause an inability to feel pain and a loss of proprioception. Self-mutilation is often seen. No treatment has been found, and the prognosis is poor in severe cases.