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Nicotine replacement therapy is as effective as medications, such as bupropion, in helping people quit smoking for at least six months. [16] All forms of nicotine replacement therapy, including nicotine gum, patches, nasal spray, inhalers, and lozenges, have similar success rates in terms of helping people stop smoking.
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. [1] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is addictive and can cause dependence. [2] [3] As a result, nicotine withdrawal often makes the process of quitting difficult.
NicVAX is an experimental conjugate vaccine intended to reduce or eliminate physical dependence to nicotine.According to the U.S. National Institute of Drug Abuse, NicVAX can potentially be used to inoculate against nicotine addiction. [1]
MPOWER is a policy package intended to assist in the country-level implementation of effective interventions to reduce the demand for tobacco, as ratified by the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [1]
Varenicline is indicated for use as an aid to smoking cessation treatment [5] and for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. [6] Varenicline is used to help people stop smoking tobacco (smoking cessation). A meta-analysis found that 20% of people treated with varenicline remain abstinent from smoking at one year. [15]
Nicotine use for tobacco cessation has few contraindications. [69] It is not known whether nicotine replacement therapy is effective for smoking cessation in adolescents, as of 2014. [70] It is therefore not recommended to adolescents. [71] It is not safe to use nicotine during pregnancy or breastfeeding, although it is safer than smoking.