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The Henneke horse body condition scoring system is a numerical scale used to evaluate the amount of fat on a horse's body. It was developed in the early 1980s by Don Henneke at Texas A&M University with the goal of creating a universal scale to assess horses' bodyweight, [1] and was first published in 1983. [2]
Between 1998 and 2005, the National Animal Health Monitoring System (USA) estimates that the obesity rate rose from 1.5% to 3.5% of the equine population. [39] This rate rises to 19% obese (score of 8 or 9 on the Henneke scale) and 32% overweight (6.5 to 7.5 on the scale), in an American study published in 2007. [ 40 ]
A normal horse with have a cranial phase and a caudal phase of equal length: the horse will bring the leg as far forward as it does backward. In a lame horse, the cranial phase will be shorter when compared to the caudal phase, so it appears to spend more time with the leg backward than it does forward.
pergolide – dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses; phenobarbital – anti-convulsant used for seizures; phenylbutazone – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) phenylpropanolamine – controls urinary incontinence in dogs
Ponazuril (), sold by Merial, Inc., [1] now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, [2] under the trade name Marquis (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by coccidia Sarcocystis neurona.
Evaluation of the horse's conformation, hoof balance, and shoeing is often a first step in treatment of lameness. A correct, balanced trim is a key component of lameness treatment and prevention. Some cases of lameness, such as angular limb deformities and navicular syndrome , are best managed with special trimming and shoeing.
Calcium and phosphorus are needed in a specific ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1. Adult horses can tolerate up to a 5:1 ratio, foals no more than 3:1. A total ration with a higher ratio of phosphorus than calcium is to be avoided. [23] Over time, imbalance will ultimately lead to a number of possible bone-related problems such as osteoporosis. [27]
Physically, volume viscosity represents the irreversible resistance, over and above the reversible resistance caused by isentropic bulk modulus, to a compression or expansion of a fluid. [1] At the molecular level, it stems from the finite time required for energy injected in the system to be distributed among the rotational and vibrational ...