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Recently, most non-human theory of mind research has focused on monkeys and great apes, who are of most interest in the study of the evolution of human social cognition. Research can be categorized in to three subsections of theory of mind: attribution of intentions, attribution of knowledge (and perception), and attribution of belief.
In one approach testing monkeys, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are able to "steal" a contested grape from one of two human competitors. In six experiments, the macaques selectively stole the grape from a human who was incapable of seeing the grape, rather than from the human who was visually aware. [ 26 ]
The Old World species are divided into apes and monkeys depending on the number of cusps on their molars: monkeys have four, apes have five [72] - although humans may have four or five. [78] The main hominid molar cusp ( hypocone ) evolved in early primate history, while the cusp of the corresponding primitive lower molar (paraconid) was lost.
Results from this study suggest that current evidence for general intelligence is weak in non-human animals. [ 130 ] The general factor of intelligence, or g factor , is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on various measures of cognitive abilities .
A female bottlenose dolphin performing with her trainer. They are considered one of the most intelligent cetaceans. Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
"Ape", from Old English apa, is a word of uncertain origin. [b] The term has a history of rather imprecise usage—and of comedic or punning usage in the vernacular.Its earliest meaning was generally of any non-human anthropoid primate, as is still the case for its cognates in other Germanic languages.
The authors conclude, "this study found evidence that humans can perform better than suggested by Matsuzawa in the limited-hold memory task. However, human performance is still below that of chimpanzees. This difference appears to stem from an inability to keep the location of symbols in working memory" [5]
A veined octopus eating a crab.. Unlike most other molluscs, all cephalopods are active predators (with the possible exceptions of the bigfin squid and vampire squid).Their need to locate and capture their prey has likely been the driving evolutionary force behind the development of their intelligence.