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The Scramble for Africa [a] was the invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
While the idea of a Franco-German federation never fully materialized, the proposal laid the foundation for the European Union and the close cooperation between France and Germany that has been a driving force behind European integration. Today, France and Germany are considered to be the engine of European integration and have played a key ...
This is a list of conflicts in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, militarized interstate disputes, and global conflicts in which Europe was a theatre of war.
Conflict France & allies France's opposition Outcome War of the Third Coalition (1803–06) Location: Central Europe, Italy and the Atlantic Ocean. France Batavian Republic Bavaria Etruria Italy Spain Württemberg: Holy Roman Empire Naples Russia Sicily Sweden United Kingdom: French victory Treaty of Pressburg; Consolidation of the French Empire
Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair's kingdom. [9] While the north of Lotharingia was then composed of independent countries , the southern third of Lotharingia , Alsace-Lorraine , was traded back and forth between France and Germany from the 18th to the 20th century.
The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Prussian prince to the throne of Spain – France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a dispatch sent by ...
The actual post-war settlement created West Germany and East Germany and included the annexation of former eastern territories of Germany by Poland and the Soviet Union. Later, East and West Germany were unified at the end of the Cold War. Partition of East Prussia between Poland and the Soviet Union [14] [15] [16]
The Versailles Treaty required Germany to pay reparations for the damage it did during the war. Germany tried to have the obligation revised downward, [68] but France used military force and occupied German industrial areas, making reparations the "chief battleground of the post-war era" and "the focus of the power struggle between France and ...