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Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with the latter used to describe humped cattle in China. [3]The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, [8] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 [9] and by Peter Grubb in 2005. [10]
The replacement for the S-SAPI in U.S. Army, the Enhanced Side Ballistic Inserts (ESBI, E-SBI), originally had only the 7 in × 8 in (180 mm × 200 mm) size, Small and medium were added later on. [14] The counterpart of the ESBI used by the U.S. Marines is called Enhanced Side Small Arms Protective Inserts (Enhanced S‐SAPI, Side ESAPI). [15]
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) is a term used for laboratory animals that are guaranteed free of particular pathogens. Use of SPF animals ensures that specified diseases do not interfere with an experiment. For example, absence of respiratory pathogens such as influenza is desirable when investigating a drug's effect on lung function.
A freemartin or free-martin (sometimes martin heifer) is an infertile cow with masculinized behavior and non-functioning ovaries. [1] Phenotypically, the animal appears female, but various aspects of female reproductive development are altered due to acquisition of anti-Müllerian hormone from the male twin . [ 2 ]
rBST is a product allowed only in certain jurisdictions and primarily given to dairy cattle by injection to increase milk production.. Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands. [1]
The Limousin, French: Limousine, is a French breed of beef cattle from the Limousin and Manche regions of France. It was formerly used mainly as a draught animal, but in modern times is reared for beef.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle. [2] Symptoms include abnormal behavior, trouble walking, and weight loss. [1]
Anti-predator adaptation in action: the kitefin shark (a–c) and the Atlantic wreckfish (d–f) attempt to prey on hagfishes.First, the predators approach their potential prey.