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Pentamidine is not recommended in early pregnancy but may be used in later pregnancy. [1] Its safety during breastfeeding is unclear. [3] Pentamidine is in the aromatic diamidine family of medications. [4] While the way the medication works is not entirely clear, it is believed to involve decreasing the production of DNA, RNA, and protein. [1]
The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum. [27] It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.
Goblet cells secrete the mucus layer which protects the epithelium from the luminal contents. Enteroendocrine cells secrete various gastrointestinal hormones including secretin, pancreozymin, enteroglucagon among others. Subsets of sensory intestinal epithelial cells synapse with nerves, [9] and are known as neuropod cells. [10]
Beta blockers exert their pharmacological effect, decreased heart rate, by binding to and competitively antagonising a type of receptor called beta adrenoceptors. [1]In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. [2]
Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation. [8]The core temperature of a human is regulated and stabilized primarily by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain linking the endocrine system to the nervous system, [9] and more specifically by the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent preoptic area regions of the hypothalamus.
The carotid body is a small cluster of peripheral chemoreceptor cells and supporting sustentacular cells situated at the bifurcation of each common carotid artery in its tunica externa. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of arterial oxygen , but also ...
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR1 gene. [5]TAAR1 is a primarily intracellular amine-activated G s-coupled and G q-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is primarily expressed in several peripheral organs and cells (e.g., the stomach, small intestine, duodenum, and white blood cells ...
Aminopeptidases are a diverse group of enzymes that play crucial roles in various biological processes, including protein digestion, cell growth, and immune response.They are classified based on their substrate specificity (strength of binding) and catalytic mechanism (means of catalyzing their reaction) into two main categories: metalloaminopeptidases and cysteine aminopeptidases.
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