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'sacred verses'), or shortly the Kural (Tamil: குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text on commoner's morality consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. [4] The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue , wealth and love , respectively.
The Kural is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. It is a very short poetic form being an independent couplet complete in 2 lines, the first line consisting of 4 words and the second line consisting of 3.
By the turn of the twenty-first century, the Kural had already been translated to more than 37 world languages, [15] with at least 24 complete translations in English language alone, by both native and non-native scholars. By 2014, the Kural had been translated to more than 42 languages, with 57 versions available in English.
The Sacred Kural or The Tamil Veda of Tiruvalluvar: Calcutta (The Heritage of India Series) Verse: Selections: Reprint in 1958 by YMCA Publishing House 18: 1933: A. Ranganatha Mudaliar: Tirukkural Mulamum Uraiyum with English Translation: Madras: 19: 1935: C. Rajagopalachari: Kural, The Great Book of Tiruvalluvar: Madras (Rochouse and Sons Ltd ...
Some sources claim that a second translation was that by Muhammad Yousuf Kokan in 1976. However, it is the first Arabic translation of the Kural text. [3] In 2022, as part of its Ancient Tamil Classics in Translations series, the Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT) in Chennai released its Urdu translation of the Kural by M. B. Amanulla.
With the exception of Avvaiyar and Idaikkadar, both of whom composed their verses in Kural venpa metre (couplet form), all the 53 poets have written their composition in the Venpa form. [18] The Tiruvalluva Malai refers to the Kural text mostly as Muppāl, a name preferred by Tiruvalluvar himself. The name appears in 15 different places ...
At the prison, he started learning Tamil and studied the Kural and was tempted to translate the work into Marathi. [1] He referred to the works on the Kural by V. V. S. Aiyar [2] [3] and also consulted with fellow Tamil inmates at the prison to get the full import of subtle ideas in the work. [3]
Many poems and the Avvai Kural, comprising 310 kurals in 31 chapters, belong to this period. She is most widely known for her ' Aathichoodi ', ' Kondrai Vendhan ', ' Nalvazhi ' and ' Moodhurai '. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name Avvaiyar means a 'respectable good woman', hence a generic title; her personal name is not known.