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Chondromalacia patellae (also known as CMP) is an inflammation of the underside of the patella and softening of the cartilage. The cartilage under the kneecap is a natural shock absorber, and overuse, injury, and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the cartilage.
Achondroplasia: Reduced proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate of long bones during infancy and childhood, resulting in dwarfism.; Cartilage tumors ...
grade 3: lesions have deep crevices of more than one-half the thickness of the cartilage layer; grade 4: the cartilage tear is full thickness and exposes the underlying (subchondral) bone; Doctors will often also measure the size of each defect. Defects smaller than 2 cm 2, for example, are considered to be small. It is also important to ...
The symptoms are pain in the hip region on walking, and tenderness over the upper part of the femur, which may result in the inability to lie in comfort on the affected side. [citation needed] More often the lateral hip pain is caused by disease of the gluteal tendons that secondarily inflames the bursa. This is most common in middle-aged women ...
[1] [8] [2] [3] [19] [12] The SI joint is a pain-sensitive structure richly innervated by a combination of unmyelinated free nerve endings and the posterior primary rami of spinal segments L2-S3. The wide possibility of innervation may explain why pain originating from the joint can manifest in so many various ways, with different and unique ...
[2] [4] It is strongly linked to obesity, and weight loss may decrease the risk. [14] Other risk factors include: family history, endocrine disorders, radiation / chemotherapy, and mild trauma. The left hip is more often affected than the right. [2] Over half of cases may have involvement on both sides (bilateral). [2]
The disease generally affects only one of the larger weight bearing joints (hip, ankle, knee) – although the elbow, and wrist can also be affected. It rarely involves the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and most publications are case reports. [3] Synovial chondromatosis occurs twice as commonly in males as females and usually in their forties.
Gandbhir and Rayi point out that the biomechanical action involved comprises a class 3 lever, where the lower limb's weight is the load, the hip joint is the fulcrum, and the lateral glutei, which attach to the antero-lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur, provide the effort.