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[15] [16] It has been given intravenously (IV), subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and, in red-eared sliders, intranasally. [17] [18] Atipamezole has also been used as an antidote for various toxicities in dogs. For example, the anti-tick medication amitraz is commonly ingested by dogs who eat their anti-tick collars. [19]
Midazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. [81] In the United Kingdom, midazolam is a Schedule 3/Class C controlled drug. [ 82 ] In the United States, midazolam (DEA number 2884) is on the Schedule IV list of the Controlled Substances Act as a non-narcotic agent with low potential for abuse.
Etomidate replaces midazolam as the sedative. Drug companies have made it harder to buy midazolam for executions. The etomidate was followed by rocuronium bromide, a paralytic, and finally, potassium acetate in place of the commonly used potassium chloride injection to stop the heart. Potassium acetate was first used for this purpose ...
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
It has slow onset of action when used alone, but the onset can be improved when using together with an opioid. [9] However, for those with hypotension, midazolam can further reduce the blood pressure and has cardiac depressive effects. [14] Therefore, dose reduction is required for the elderly, and for those with heart and liver failure. [8]
Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration, it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour, depending on the drug in question. Other methods of ingestion such as smoking or injection can
Pimobendan is indicated for the management of the signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to clinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); [1] [7] and for use with concurrent therapy for congestive heart failure (e.g.,furosemide, etc.) as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. [1]
Individual dogs of any breed can have a profound reaction characterized by hypotension, especially if there is an underlying heart problem. In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds , the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12–24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3–4 hours.