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Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. [10] [11] An example was the Tohoro Manchu clan in the Manchu banners which claimed to be ...
Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. For example, Fiyanggū, who was from the Donggo clan, belonged to the Manchu Plain White Banner and distinguished himself in the campaigns against the Dzungars , was usually called "Fiyanggū be" (Lord Fiyanggū) since Fiyanggū (youngest) was a relatively major given name.
Most of the Manchu clans took on their Han surnames after the demise of the Qing dynasty.Several clans took on Han identity as early as in the Ming dynasty period. The surnames were derived from the Chinese meaning of their original clan name, Chinese transliteration of the clan's name, the possessed territories, generation and personal names of the clansmen and also inspired by the surnames ...
"Manchu" (Manchu: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ, Möllendorff: manju, Chinese: 滿洲) was adopted as the official name of the people by Emperor Hong Taiji in 1635, replacing the earlier name "Jurchen". It appears that manju was an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens , although the etymology is not well understood.
Vajda considers that the Jurchens' name probably derives from the Tungusic words for "reindeer people" and is cognate with the names of the Orochs (urakka, uroot, urhot) of Khabarovsk Province and the Oroks of Sakhalin. [16] ("Horse Tungus" and "Reindeer Tungus" are still the primary divisions among the Tungusic cultures.) [17]
Minority groups such as Western Europeans (mainly English and Portuguese), and Southern or Southeastern Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong. [15] Macau's main ethnic groups are of Chinese and Portuguese descent, but other ethnicities also live in the territory. [16]
Of the four tribes, Ula was the economic and cultural powerhouse of Manchuria. The Ula tribe were mostly traders, buying horses, livestock, and fur from the steppe Mongols and selling them at the Jianzhou plateau on the Liao river basin, the economic center and farmland of the Manchu region.
The Manchu term Dulimbai Gurun is the standard translation for the Chinese terms Zhongguo, Zhongyuan, and Hua and appeared in official documents produced by the Qing court beginning in 1689, if not earlier. [73] The Manchu name for the state was ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (Daicing Gurun).