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In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. [5] In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes.
DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 [20] and by combining the two enzymes it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids , discovered in 1952, [ 21 ] became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences.
1944: The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment isolates DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle). [24]1947: Salvador Luria discovers reactivation of irradiated phage, [25] stimulating numerous further studies of DNA repair processes in bacteriophage, [26] and other organisms, including humans.
The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others. Modern genetics began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel .
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 March 2025. Manipulation of an organism's genome For a non-technical introduction to the topic of genetics, see Introduction to genetics. For the song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, see Genetic Engineering (song). For the Montreal hardcore band, see Genetic Control. Part of a series on Genetic ...
The first automated DNA sequencer, invented by Lloyd M. Smith, was introduced by Applied Biosystems in 1987. [1] It used the Sanger sequencing method, a technology which formed the basis of the "first generation" of DNA sequencers [2] [3] and enabled the completion of the human genome project in 2001. [4]
DNA sequencing methods currently under development include reading the sequence as a DNA strand transits through nanopores (a method that is now commercial but subsequent generations such as solid-state nanopores are still in development), [138] [139] and microscopy-based techniques, such as atomic force microscopy or transmission electron ...
In 1977, recombinant DNA technology enabled biologists to start to explore the genetic control of development. The growth of evolutionary developmental biology from 1978, when Edward B. Lewis discovered homeotic genes, showed that many so-called toolkit genes act to regulate development, influencing the expression of other genes.