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The de jure borders of a country are defined by the area its government claims, but not necessarily controls. Modern examples include Taiwan (claimed but not controlled by China) [6] and Kashmir (claimed by multiple countries). [7]
de jure. de futuro: concerning the future At a future date. de integro: concerning the whole Often used to mean "start it all over", in the context of "repeat de integro". de jure: according to law Literally "from law"; something that is established in law, whether or not it is true in general practice. Cf. de facto. de lege ferenda: of the law ...
Segregation was enforced across the U.S. for much of its history. Racial segregation follows two forms, de jure and de facto. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by U.S. states in slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war, primarily in the Southern ...
In U.S. constitutional law, when a law infringes upon a fundamental constitutional right, the court may apply the strict scrutiny standard. Strict scrutiny holds the challenged law as presumptively invalid unless the government can demonstrate that the law or regulation is necessary to achieve a "compelling state interest".
Board of Education ended de jure segregation in the United States. [27] The state of Arkansas would experience some of the first successful school integrations below the Mason–Dixon line. [28] In the decade following Brown, the South resisted enforcement of the Court's decision. [27]
This was the first time that "racism" was used in Supreme Court opinion (Murphy used it twice in a concurring opinion in Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co 323 192 (1944) issued that day). [49] Murphy used the word in five separate opinions, but after he left the court, "racism" was not used again in an opinion for two decades.
The most likely response by a court if the administration were to defy its edict would be to hold the agency acting in defiance of an order or ruling in civil contempt, which would allow a judge ...
They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Americans of African descent. In reality, this led to treatment that was usually inferior to that provided for Americans of European descent, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.