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I 2 C uses only two signals: serial data line (SDA) and serial clock line (SCL). Both are bidirectional and pulled up with resistors. [2] Typical voltages used are +5 V or +3.3 V, although systems with other voltages are permitted.
In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication , where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
Asynchronous start-stop is the lower data-link layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a second (encapsulating) data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters. The most common physical layer interface used is RS-232D.
If the line is held in the logic low condition for longer than a character time, this is a break condition that can be detected by the UART. In the most common settings of 8 data bits, no parity and 1 stop bit (i.e. 8N1), the protocol efficiency is 8/10 = 80%.
A DB-25 connector as described in the RS-232 standard Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) and data terminal equipment (DTE) network. In telecommunications, RS-232 or Recommended Standard 232 [1] is a standard originally introduced in 1960 [2] for serial communication transmission of data.
The maximum goodput (for example, the file transfer rate) may be even lower due to higher layer protocol overhead and data packet retransmissions caused by line noise or interference such as crosstalk, or lost packets in congested intermediate network nodes. All protocols lose something, and the more robust ones that deal resiliently with very ...
English: A sequence diagram of data transfer on the I²C bus S - Start condition; P - Stop condition; B - transferring of one bit; SDA changes are allowed when SCL is low (blue), otherwise there will be a start or stop condition generated
The USART's synchronous capabilities were primarily intended to support synchronous protocols like IBM's synchronous transmit-receive (STR), binary synchronous communications (BSC), synchronous data link control (SDLC), and the ISO-standard high-level data link control (HDLC) synchronous link-layer protocols, which were used with synchronous voice-frequency modems.