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The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970: A Geographical Interpretation (1973) (ISBN 0198232144) Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie", EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History online; U.S. Steel's History of U.S. Steel; Urofsky, Melvin I. Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business-Government Relations (1969) Spiegel ...
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
Steel: The Story of Pittsburgh's Iron & Steel Industry, 1852–1902 (Arcadia Publishing, 2016) online. Rogers, Robert P. An economic history of the American steel industry (Routledge, 2009) online. Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America: An Economic Inquiry (1964) Warren, Kenneth. Bethlehem Steel: Builder and Arsenal of America.
According to the 2019 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, the iron and steel industry directly contributed 2.6 Gt to global CO 2 emissions and accounted for 7% of global energy demand. [1] Singapore is the world's main trading hub for iron, [ 2 ] with about 90% of the world's iron ore derivatives traded on their stock exchange.
For each commodity they quote a range (low and high price) which reflect the buying and selling about 9-fold due to China's transition from light to heavy industry and its focus on manufacturing. [2] China became the world's largest consumer of iron ore in 2003, [ 3 ] and accounts for over half of global metal consumption.) [ 4 ]
The value of iron and steel produced in 2014 was $113 billion. [2] About 0.3% of the US population is employed by the steel industry. [3] As of 2022, major steel-makers in the United States included Cleveland-Cliffs, Carpenter Technology, Commercial Metals Company, Nucor, Steel Dynamics, and U.S. Steel. [4]
The Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, also known as J&L Steel or simply as J&L, was an American steel and iron manufacturer that operated from 1852 until 1968. The enterprise began as the American Iron Company, founded in 1852 by Bernard Lauth and Benjamin Franklin Jones , about 2.5 mi (4.0 km) south of Pittsburgh along the Monongahela ...
It focuses on the corporation's history with steel-making. [5] This exhibit serves to present insight into the daily lives of workers part of Bethlehem Steel which employed 31,000 people at peak. [4] The three Bethlehem Steel plant models showcased in this exhibit were used training employees and testing out modifications to the factories. [10]